Québec James Bay Treaty: the Supreme Court of Canada orders a federal environmental assessment for a mining project impacting fish habitat.
In a recent decision rendered on May 14, 2010, the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously confirmed that the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement is a Treaty within the meaning of Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. It also clarified the rules of interpretation of this modern Treaty, as well as its force of law. The judges however disagreed over the outcome of the specific issue at hand. The majority (five judges) held that a federal assessment under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA ) involving Cree participation had to be carried out subsequently to the provincial assessment conducted under the Treaty. The minority (four judges) held that no such federal assessment was required.
The James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) was signed in 1975. In 1999, the Québec Minister of the Environment was informed of a mining project located at Lac Doré, within the JBNQA territory. All parties agreed that such a mining project fell within provincial jurisdiction over natural resources and that, as such, the project had to be subject to the provincial social and environmental assessment under Section 22 of the JBNQA. The Crees, Québec and Canada however disagreed as to the level of federal involvement. It was common ground that the proposed project would have impacts on fish habitat, a matter of federal jurisdiction, and therefore required a permit under Section 35 of the Fisheries Act. The Crees asserted that the project required federal assessment under Section 22 of the JBNQA. Canada asserted that the project required federal assessment only under CEAA . Québec took the position that the project was subject only to the provincial assessment process under Section 22 of the JBNQA. The Crees thus initiated litigation seeking the application of the federal review process under Section 22 of the JBNQA instead of the CEAA process, as proposed by Canada.
In 2006, the Québec Superior Court, found that the CEAA process was inconsistent with the JBQNA process since the CEAA assessment did not provide the Crees with the same level of participation as provided for under the social and environmental regime of the JBNQA. However, the Superior Court also found that the federal environmental assessment provided by Section 22 of the JBNQA did not apply to the mining project as it fell under provincial jurisdiction. The result was that no federal assessment was applicable to the project in the James Bay Territory. This led to appeals filed by both the Crees and Canada.
In 2008, the Québec Court of Appeal reversed the Superior Court decision and found that the federal assessment provided under Section 22 of the JBNQA applied to the mining project (in addition to the provincial process) . It found that such federal assessment was triggered , not by the JBNQA itself, but by the CEAA , as a result of the project requiring a permit under the Fisheries Act. The Attorney General of Québec challenged the Court of Appeal decision which led to the present Supreme Court judgment.
In its reasons, the majority of the Supreme Court of Canada held that close attention must be paid to the terms employed in Section 22 of the JBNQA by the signatory parties. The majority found that the terms of the JBNQA normally require the application to a project of only one JBNQA assessment process, either provincial or federal, depending on whether the project falls under provincial or federal jurisdiction. However, nothing in the JBNQA prevents the application of an external assessment process, such as the CEAA , which applies on its own terms to the project. The majority stated that "[c]ommon sense as well as legal requirements suggest that the CEAA assessment will be structured to accommodate the special context of a project proposal in the James Bay Treaty territory, including the participation of the Cree." This CEAA assessment is to apply once the project is approved under the provincial assessment provided for in the JBNQA.
As to the permit issued under of the Fisheries Act, the Supreme Court mentioned that the federal Minister preserved his discretion and as such, was not bound to issue such a permit following the approval of the mining project by the provincial authorities under the JBNQA . As the Court says, "[t]he federal permit is required once the Treaty approvals are given."
The decision is an important one for the James Bay Cree because it reconfirms the importance of their JBNQA Treaty with both Canada and Quebec. It also makes it clear that the CEAA applies to projects in the James Bay Territory that fall under provincial jurisdiction but that have impacts in areas of federal jurisdiction.
Gowlings represented the Cree parties before all levels, including the Supreme Court of Canada.